C# Tutorial Learn C Sharp Programming For Beginners

C# Tutorial (C Sharp)

This tutorial on C# provides a comprehensive explanation of both fundamental and complex concepts in C#. It covers a wide range of topics including initial illustration, variables, data types, control structures, objects, methods, inheritance, constructors, destructors, static methods, polymorphism, abstraction, interfaces, namespaces, properties, arrays, strings, error handling, multithreading, File IO, collections, and more. Whether you are a novice or an expert, our C# tutorial caters to learners at all levels.

What is the C#?

C# is pronounced as "C-Sharp". It is an up-to-date, adaptable, and object-oriented programming language that was crafted and introduced by Microsoft in 2000 within the .Net Framework. C# empowers programmers to build software for various operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux. Furthermore, it exhibits many resemblances with commonly-used programming languages like C++ and Java.

C# Hello World Program

In this guide, every C# code example is accompanied by a C# compiler. If modifications are required for these programs, you can easily make them.

Example


using System;  

class Program {  

    static void Main() {  

        Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");  

    }  

}

Output:

Output


Hello, World!

Why Learn C#?

C# stands out as a highly favored programming language due to its characteristics, ease of use, and flexibility. A compilation of various attributes can be found in the C# language. A few examples include:

The CSS code snippet above illustrates the styling for a features diagram. The diagram container has a linear gradient background with a border-radius of 12px, padding of 25px, and a margin of 20px on the top and bottom. Inside the container, the diagram title is centered with a color of #e879f9, a font size of 1.2rem, font weight of 600, and a bottom margin of 20px. The features grid is set to display as a grid with columns that adjust based on the content size, with a minimum width of 120px and equal distribution using the fr unit, separated by a 12px gap.

Each feature card within the grid has a slightly transparent white background (rgba(255,255,255,0.1)) with rounded corners of 10px, padding of 15px, and centered text. A smooth transition effect of moving up by 3px is applied when hovering over a feature card. The feature icon is sized at 1.8rem with a bottom margin of 8px, while the feature name text is white, with a font weight of 500, and a font size of 0.85rem.

Here, we will discuss these features one by one.

Easy to Learn and Use

C# presents a user-centric approach to programming, offering a systematic method for addressing various challenges. With an extensive array of library functions and data types, it proves valuable across diverse domains like mobile applications, gaming, and more.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

C# functions as an object-oriented programming language, facilitating fundamental OOP principles like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. These concepts play a crucial role in producing code that is both modular and reusable. Furthermore, leveraging these capabilities is essential in building software that is scalable, easily maintainable, and reusable.

Versatility

C# is a flexible programming language that is well-suited for various application areas including Windows applications, web development, cloud computing, mobile applications, game design, and more.

Microsoft Ecosystem Integration

It is deeply connected with the Microsoft ecosystem as it serves as the primary coding language within the .NET framework. Additionally, it is intertwined with various other Microsoft technologies like Azure, Windows Presentation Foundation, and ASP.NET.

Cross-Platform Support

With the assistance of .NET Core, C# is capable of functioning on various operating systems like Windows, macOS, Linux, and more. It also provides support for developing mobile apps using Xamarin/.NET MAUI and creating games with Unity, showcasing its versatility. This adaptability empowers developers to build applications once and distribute them across different platforms with only minor adjustments.

Automatic Memory Management

C# programming incorporates a garbage collector feature, aiding in the automated memory management process. This functionality is responsible for releasing objects that are no longer required, effectively deallocating them from memory.

Where is C# Used?

C# stands out as a robust and flexible object-oriented programming language extensively used across various software development fields. Its seamless integration with the .NET framework enables its application across multiple platforms and technologies.

The styling for the feature diagram includes a linear gradient background, rounded corners, padding, and margin. The title of the diagram is centered with a specific color, font size, and weight. The features grid is set to display as a grid with columns that adjust automatically and a defined gap between elements. Each feature card has a semi-transparent background, rounded corners, padding, and centered text. A hover effect is applied to the feature card to translate it slightly upwards. The feature icon size and margin are specified, along with the color and font size for the feature name.

The C# coding language is applied in various industries. Here are a few examples:

Windows Applications

The C# programming language is employed to develop desktop applications that operate on the Windows operating system by utilizing Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation, and Universal Windows Platform.

Game Development

It stands as a highly favored programming language for game creation (especially in Unity Game Engine) and is responsible for driving numerous 2D, 3D, AR, and VR games.

Mobile Applications

By utilizing Xamarin/.NET MAUI, developers can craft mobile applications that run on multiple platforms such as Android, iOS, and Windows OS using a unified C# codebase.

IoT (Internet of Things)

By leveraging .NET, developers can design Internet of Things (IoT) solutions tailored for embedded devices, sensors, and intelligent systems.

Web Applications

With ASP.NET Core, C# is frequently used for creating interactive websites, REST APIs, and high-level web applications that operate on multiple platforms.

.Net Framework

In this part, you will explore the .NET Framework along with its various components like Common Language Runtime (CLR) and Framework Class Library (FCL).

✅ .NET Framework

In this section, you will learn the basics of C#, such as History, Features, Examples, Variables, Data Types, Operators, and Keywords. After completing the installation, we will move to core concepts that will make up the foundation of your C# skills.

✅ C# Tutorial
✅ C++ vs C#
✅ Java vs C#
✅ C# History
✅ C# Features
✅ C# Example
✅ C# Variables
✅ C# Data Types
✅ C# Operators
✅ C# Keywords

C# Control Statements

In this section of the tutorial, you will learn about the control statements in detail, with topics such as If-else, Loops, for loops, while loops, Break, continue, and Goto statements.

✅ C# if-else
✅ C# switch
✅ C# For Loop
✅ C# While Loop
✅ C# Do-While Loop
✅ C# Break
✅ C# Continue
✅ C# Goto
✅ C# Comments

C# Functions

In this section, you will learn about the fundamental topics of C# functions, including Call by Value, Call by Reference, and Out Parameter. After understanding all the C# functions, we can write more reusable and modular code.

✅ C# Function
✅ C# Call By Value
✅ C# Call By Reference
✅ C# Out Parameter

C# Arrays

In this section, you will gain a complete understanding of how arrays work in C# from basic to advanced. You will explore several array-related concepts, such as how arrays function, multidimensional arrays, jagged arrays, Params, Array Class, and Command Line Args.

✅ C# Arrays
✅ C# Array to Function
✅ C# Multidimensional Array
✅ C# Jagged Arrays
✅ C# Params
✅ C# Array class
✅ C# Command Line Args

C# Objects and Classes

In this section, you will learn how object-oriented programming (OOP) is used in C#. After completion of these topics, you can design and implement robust, object-oriented C# programs with well-structured classes and better use of OOP features, such as constructors, destructors, this, static, static class, structs, and Enums.

✅ C# Object and Class
✅ C# Constructor
✅ C# Destructor
✅ C# this
✅ C# static
✅ C# static class
✅ C# static constructor
✅ C# Structs
✅ C# Enum

C# Properties

In this segment, you will gain an understanding of how properties function in C#. This part delves into the concept of validation and constraints when accessing or assigning a value.

✅ C# Properties

C# Inheritance

This module delves into the concepts of inheritance and aggregation within C#. You will also gain insights into the hierarchical connections among classes and how to efficiently recycle code. By the end of this unit, you will have a comprehensive grasp of employing inheritance and aggregation in C# to develop code that is both reusable and well-organized.

✅ C# Inheritance
✅ C# Aggregation

C# Polymorphism

In this section, it will explore how polymorphism works in C# and how it enables flexible and reusable code. It will also cover Member Overloading, Method Overloading, the use of Base keyword, and the purpose of Sealed classes.

✅ C# Member Overloading
✅ C# Method Overriding
✅ C# Base
✅ C# Polymorphism
✅ C# Sealed

C# Abstraction

In this module, you will explore the concept of abstraction in C#, which serves to conceal the intricacies of implementation and present only the fundamental aspects to the user. By the end of this unit, you will grasp the application of abstraction in developing structured, adaptable, and sustainable C# programs.

C# Namespace

This section will explore how namespaces work in C#, which are used to organize classes and avoid naming conflicts. It will also explore access modifiers and encapsulation, which help to improve code maintainability.

✅ C# Namespaces
✅ C# Access Modifiers
✅ C# Encapsulation

C# Strings

In this part, you will gain knowledge about strings and their manipulation in the C# programming language. Mastering this content will enable you to efficiently generate, modify, and handle strings within C#.

C# String Functions

This segment will delve into different string functions in C# that empower you to control, contrast, locate, and organize strings proficiently. It will encompass a range of string techniques including String Clone, Compare, CompareOrdinal, CompareTo, Concat, Contains, Copy, CopyTo, EndsWith, Equals, Format, and numerous additional functions.

C# Exceptions

This section explores how exception handling is used for error management in C#. It also covers several concepts, such as try/catch blocks, finally statements, custom exceptions, checked and unchecked exceptions, and SystemException to manage runtime errors effectively.

✅ C# Exception Handling
✅ C# try/catch
✅ C# finally
✅ C# Custom Exception
✅ C# checked unchecked
✅ C# SystemException

C# File I/O

In this part, you will discover how files and data streams function within the C# programming language. The material delves into various classes within the System.IO namespace, allowing you to efficiently handle reading, writing, and organizing files, directories, and data. Additionally, you will delve into serialization and deserialization processes for storing and retrieving object information.

C# Collections

This section will explore collections in C#, which give flexible and efficient methods to store, manage, and manipulate data groups. You will also learn several collections, such as List, HashSet, SortedSet, Stack, Queue, LinkedList, Dictionary, SortedDictionary, and SortedList.

✅ C# Collections
✅ C# List<T>
✅ C# HashSet<T>
✅ C# SortedSet<T>
✅ C# Stack<T>
✅ C# Queue<T>
✅ C# LinkedList<T>
✅ C# Dictionary<K,V>
✅ C# SortedDictionary<K,V>
✅ C# SortedList<K,V>

C# Generics

Within this segment, you will be introduced to the concept of generics in C#. Generics offer a method to specify classes and functions with a placeholder for the data type. This approach enhances code flexibility, reusability, and type safety while minimizing redundancy and enhancing performance.

✅ C# Generics

C# Delegates

This portion will examine the functionality of delegates in the C# language, which are employed for executing callbacks, managing events, and creating adaptable applications. Upon finishing this segment, you will be able to establish and utilize delegates for invoking methods dynamically within your C# code.

✅ C# Delegates

C# Reflection

In this part, you will explore how reflection operates in C#. Through the use of reflection, you have the ability to dynamically load assemblies, generate type instances, and retrieve methods, properties, and attributes. By finishing this segment, you will be capable of leveraging reflection to develop adaptable and scalable applications in C#.

✅ C# Reflection

C# Anonymous Functions

This part delves into anonymous functions in C#. Anonymous functions offer a unique way to declare inline logic, often used in conjunction with delegates and LINQ.

✅ Anonymous Function

C# Multithreading

In this section, you will learn the working of multithreading in C#. You will also explore the thread life cycle, the Thread class, and several thread operations, such as sleep, abort, join, naming, and priority management.

✅ C# Multithreading
✅ C# Thread Life Cycle
✅ C# Thread class
✅ C# Main Thread
✅ C# Thread Example
✅ C# Thread Sleep
✅ C# Thread Abort
✅ C# Thread Join
✅ C# Thread Name
✅ C# ThreadPriority

C# Synchronization

In this part, you will be introduced to the concept of synchronization in C#. Its purpose is to control the interaction with shared resources in scenarios where multiple threads are executing concurrently. Mastering this topic will empower you to implement synchronization methods for developing secure and dependable C# applications.

C# New Features

In this part, you'll explore the enhancements introduced in various versions of C#.

✅ C# Enhancements

C# 2.0

In this section, you will learn about the new features introduced in C# 2.0, which help to improve the flexibility, readability, and power of the language. It also covers partial types, iterators, nullable types, delegate covariance and inference, static classes, and method group conversions for delegates.

✅ Partial types
✅ Iterators
✅ Nullable types
✅ Delegate Covariance
✅ Delegate inference
✅ Static classes
✅ Method group conversions (delegates)

C# 3.0

This section will cover the new features introduced in C# 3.0. It will explore Anonymous types, Extension methods, query expression, partial method, implicitly typed local variables, object and collection initializers, auto-implemented properties, lambda expression, and expression trees.

✅ Anonymous types
✅ Extension methods
✅ Query expression
✅ Partial method
✅ Implicitly typed local variables
✅ Object and collection initializers
✅ Auto-Implemented properties
✅ Lambda expression
✅ Expression trees

C# 4.0

In this section, you will learn about the features that were introduced in C# 4.0. It includes dynamic binding, named and optional arguments, generic covariance and contravariance, and embedded interop types ("NoPIA").

✅ Dynamic binding
✅ Named and optional arguments
✅ Generic co and contravariance
✅ Embedded interop types ("NoPIA")

C# 5.0

In this chapter, you will explore the enhancements introduced in C# 5.0. These enhancements consist of an asynchronous approach that offers debugging and logging assistance, along with caller info attributes that furnish details regarding the method caller.

✅ Asynchronous approach
✅ Caller information attributes

C# 6.0

In this section, you will learn about the new features of C# 6.0. It includes static directives, exception filters, await in catch/finally blocks, Auto property initializers, default values for getter-only properties, expression-bodies members, null propagator, string interpolation, nameof operator, dictionary initializers, and compiler-as-a-service (Roslyn). After completion of this section, you can create a cleaner, more expressive, and maintainable C# application.

✅ Using static directive
✅ Exception filters
✅ Await in catch/finally blocks
✅ Auto property initializers
✅ Default values for getter-only properties
✅ Expression-bodied members
✅ Null propagator
✅ String interpolation
✅ Nameof operator
✅ Dictionary initializer
✅ Compiler-as-a-service (Roslyn)

C# 7.0

This section will explore new features of C# 7.0. It also includes pattern matching, tuples, deconstruction, local functions, digit separators, binary literals, ref returns and locals, expression-bodied members, out variables, and generalized async return types.

✅ Pattern matching
✅ Tuples
✅ Deconstruction
✅ Local functions
✅ Digit separator
✅ Binary literals
✅ Ref returns and locals
✅ Expression bodied constructors and finalizers
✅ Expression bodied getters and setters
✅ Out variables
✅ Generalized async return types

C# 7.1

In this module, you will explore the additional functionalities introduced in C# 7.1. These enhancements cover async main and default expressions. Upon finishing this module, you will be able to develop more polished and effective C# applications by leveraging these capabilities.

C# Programs List

In this part, you'll find a compilation of fundamental and frequently inquired C# codes. These code snippets aim to enhance your comprehension of fundamental principles like iterations, conditional statements, recursive functions, arrays, methods, and pattern output. Each code snippet is crafted to be straightforward, lucid, and suitable for novice programmers.

Upon completing a comprehensive range of subjects from fundamental to intricate, this segment holds significance as it addresses various C# interview inquiries. Familiarizing yourself with these queries will equip you to adeptly navigate through technical interviews and coding evaluations.

Prerequisite

Prior to delving into C#, it is essential to possess a foundational understanding of the C Programming Language.

Audience

Our C# guide aims to assist individuals at all levels - from novices to experts. This tutorial is tailored for developers who may not be well-versed in C# principles but possess a fundamental grasp of computer programming.